On February 28, 2025, Professor Yumiko Nakanishi (the Graduate School of Law) published an article titled “Judicial Dialogue Involving the Belgian Constitutional Court, Court of Justice of the European Union, and European Court of Human Rights with a Focus on Animal Welfare” (Vol.53, No.1) in Hitotsubashi Journal of Law and Politics. This article examines how three European courts—the Belgian Constitutional Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)—engage in judicial dialogue to address the complex intersection of animal welfare and freedom of religion, highlighting the coherence and mutual influence among their rulings. Professor Nakanishi argues that this trilateral judicial interaction not only demonstrates a high degree of consistency and interconnectedness but also contributes to the development and reinforcement of common European standards for fundamental rights protection.