In April 2025,“Case note: Case C-601/22 Umweltverband WWF Österreich and Others v Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung and Case C-436/22 Asociación para la Conservación y Estudio del Lobo Ibérico (ASCEL) v Administración de la Comunidad de Castilla y LeónProfessor” authored by Professor Yumiko Nakanishi (Graduate School of Law) was published in Jichikenkyu（Vol.101, No.4）. This article analyzes the preliminary rulings in two cases (C-601/22 and C-436/22) brought before the European Court of Justice by environmental NGOs in the original proceedings before domestic courts. Professor Nakanishi assesses that these preliminary rulings clarified: 1) The role of NGOs in environmental litigation; 2) implications for the conservation and management of large carnivores, and 3) clarified the role and jurisdiction of the judicial body regarding EU legislation at the Court of Justice of the European Union.