On July 1, 2025, a paper co-authored by Dr. Daniëlle Flonk (Assistant Professor, Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS) and Professor Maria J Debre (International Relations at Zeppelin University) titled “Hollow Multilateralism: How Autocracies Contest the Norms and Procedures of International Organizations” was published in International Affairs (Volume 101, Issue 4). The paper examines how autocracies appropriate the concept of multilateralism for their own purposes through a series of case studies. The authors argue that, substantively, this practice erodes internationally agreed norms of international law by deploying liberal language to hollow out established rules from within. Procedurally, it contributes to the exclusion of non-state actors from global governance institutions by promoting one-country-one-vote principles under the guise of democratizing international relations.